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He did so in order to make it convincing that this was [p. 205] what thc E was interested in and that these tasks, and how the S worked on them, was the total experiment. Festinger and Carlsmith experiment A study conducted in which people were offered money to express attitudes that they did not hold; people who were offered big sums justified their behavior by the money but people who were offered smaller sums changed their attitudes to make them more consistent with their behavior Five Ss (three in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) indicated in the interview that they were suspicious about having been paid to tell the girl the experiment was fun and suspected that that was the real purpose of the experiment. (p.47) Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. An experiment by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) brought cognitive dissonance theory to the attention of American social psychologists. For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. Hence, one would expect the results on this question to be very similar to the results on "how enjoyable the tasks were" but weaker. Leon Festinger's 1957 cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we act to reduce the disharmony, or dissonance, of our conflicting feelings. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. This question is less directly related to the dissonance that was experimentally created for the Ss. Jeff is assuming a, Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. In Latane and Darley's classic 1969 study, they found that____ of the participants reported the smoke in the room when the two confederates in the room noticed the smoke but then ignored it. The results were surprising to Festinger. endobj 0000010779 00000 n Actually, the result, as may be seen in the table, are in exactly the same direction, and the magnitude of the mean differences is fully as large as on the first question. Through the lens of cognitive dissonance theory, however, the explanation was a bit different. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. The question was included because, as far as we could see, it had nothing to do with the dissonance that was experimentally created and could not be used for dissonance reduction. This question was included because there was a chance that differences might emerge. In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. On the other hand, the people who were paid $20 had the monetary reason to lie. Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations? Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? %%EOF In Asch's black line experiment, participants. He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. 0000012870 00000 n To which he readily agrees. Like Explorable? (Goleman, 1991). The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation? This is an example of, The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to. Let us consider a person who privately holds opinion "X" but has, as a result of pressure brought to bear on him publicly stated that he believes "not X.". Procedure In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. Social Researcher. These Ss were hired for one dollar to tell a waiting S that tasks, which were really rather dull and boring, were interesting, enjoyab1e, and lots of fun. As shown in Ashes experiment, conforming to the majority happens more often than people think. The Effects of Prejudice, Stereotype & Discrimination A follow-up psychiatric exam found no signs of psychological problems after 1 year. _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. /ID[<6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064><6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064>] In addition to these 5 exceptions, another 2 of the paid participants told the girl the truth that the tasks she will be performing are boring and uninteresting, and that they were just being paid to say otherwise. He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. In all the comparisons, the Control condition should be regarded as a baseline from which to evaluate the results in the other two conditions. The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. Which communicator would likely be most persuasive? There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. In conclusion, people, when persuaded to lie without being given enough justification, will perform a task by convincing themselves of the falsehood, rather than telling a lie. Why are black people stopped by police more than white people? The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with " Meas-ures of Performance." During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that the psychology department was conducting. For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude. 2. Let us then see what can be said about the total magnitude of dissonance in a person created by the knowledge that he said "not X" and really believes "X." A rating of how persuasive and convincing the S was in what he said and the way in which he said it. Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favorite music, too. In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, 11 of the 71 responses were considered invalid for a couple of reasons. Like in every other study, there are some responses that are deemed to be invalid. In the other two conditions, however, the Ss told someone that these tasks were interesting and enjoyab1e. The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. This is manifested in the phenomenon called cognitive dissonance. He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. Two studies reported by Janis and King (1954; 1956) clearly showed that, at least under some conditions, the private opinion changes so as to bring it into closer correspondence with the overt behavior the person was forced to perform. Psy 301: Social Psychology The students will be interviewed after participating in the experiment and were encouraged to be completely honest in these interviews. In 1959, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith looked to test Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. According to _________ theory, prejudice may result, at least in part, from the need to increase one's own self-esteem by looking down on others. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____. Kelman (1953), in the previously mentioned study, in attempting to explain the unexpected finding that the persons who complied in the moderate reward condition changed their opinion more than in the high reward condition, also proposed the same kind of explanation. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). The discussion between the S and the girl was recorded on a hidden tape recorder. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. We are certainly justified in concluding that the Ss in the One Dollar condition did not improvise more nor act more convincingly. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as repeatedly. Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion? It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. Thus, with self-selection of who did and who did not make the required overt statement and with varying percentages of subjects in the different conditions who did make the requsted statement, no interpretation of the data can be unequivocal. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell . A little more than 60 years ago, Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957). According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love. The Ss were told it was necessary for the experiment. Half of them were offered $1 to do it, and half of them were offered $20. Festinger and Carlsmith hypothesized that when people lie and don't have a good reason to lie (such as being paid only one measly dollar), they will be motivated to believe the lie. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______. One group was being paid that amount to lie to the next subject about the boring experiment. Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. In this way, they propose, the person who is forced to improvise a speech convinces himself. /Resources 50 0 R The presence of others is especially important in influencing helping behavior when a situation is, Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is. Participants were asked, "Would you please tell the next subject in line that the experiment was fun and enjoyable?" The dissonance could, consequently, be reduced by magnifying the importance of this cognition. Selena is trying to get her boyfriend to wash the dishes for her. The content of what the S said before the girl made the remark that her friend told her it was boring. Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. 5. Changes in attitude toward a specific, context-dependent topic, such as enjoyment of the mundane task in the experiment described above (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959) Information seeking following a change in usual behavior (Engel, 1963) _______ occurs when people begin to think that it is more important to maintain a group's cohesiveness than to objectively consider the facts. According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. What happens to a person's private opinion if he is forced to do or say something contrary to that opinion? He then said: The E then took the S into the secretary's office where he had previously waited and where the next S was waiting. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. Patrick has a strong_____. 2. At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. "Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes" The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." A theory of cognitive dissonance. In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. Relat., 1953, 6, 185-214. With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. That is it. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. The content of what the S said after the girl made the above-mentioned remark. Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the, When someone who thinks they're smart does something they think is stupid, it causes, In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task, convinced themselves that the task was interesting, Karen is late for work, and her co-worker, Jeff, assumes it is because she is careless and lazy. ] Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2. I hope you did enjoy it. Copyright 2007-2018 Russ Dewey Which of the following represents an example of cognitive dissonance? Cries for help, shouting, and loud noises all help with which step in the decision process for helping? These Ss were hired for twenty dollars to do the same thing. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. /ImageC & KING, B.T. Their research suggested to them that if the laws changed first, forcing a change in behavior, the attitudes would follow along later. You can use it freely (with some kind of link), and we're also okay with people reprinting in publications like books, blogs, newsletters, course-material, papers, wikipedia and presentations (with clear attribution). 0000011828 00000 n they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable I'm sure you'll enjoy it." The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. Subjects rated this using a scale of negative 5 to positive 5 (-5 to +5). /Linearized 1.0 Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. & JANIS, I.L. What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? _____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude. These recordings were transcribed and then rated, by two independent raters, on five dimensions. This, however, was unlikely in this experiment because money was used for the reward and it is undoubtedly difficult to convince oneself that one dollar is more than it really is. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. And lastly, participants were asked whether they would want to participate again in the future in a study the same as this, using the scale -5 to +5. In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in, The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the, Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because, of the extreme effect it was having on the participants, Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. 52 0 obj trailer Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. One would consequently expect to observe such opinion change after a person has been forced or induced to say something contrary to his private opinion.